Author: Vadim Smolyanov and Valentina Smolyanova


Chapter III. Evolution of the person

All into all and All is God: In light of stars and dust of road,
In silent wood and dreaming flight, And knocks of heart in your
inside.

There is one alive essence which still has not reached the
perfection and in which all evolution is embodied. It is a
person. In daily life, probably, each of us met such
contradiction: the quivering attitude of the person to animals
and the cruel attitude of the same person to another people. The
matter is that he feels the perfection of animals and the
imperfection (i.e. a present stage of development) of people.
Distracting from the basic direction, we shall notice, the
imperfection of the person is influencing on homeostasis of
biosphere and it can result in irreversible process of
infringement of biosphere unity with pitiable consequences for
the person, the similar situation already was and will be
described below. So who is a person? Whence has he appeared and
when will be reached his perfection? There are some facts from
joint research of anthropologists and geneticists: about 250
thousand years ago there was a first expansion of the reasonable
person primogenitors from Africa to the Eurasian continent; the
reasonable person with physiology corresponding to us has
appeared about 150 thousand years ago in Africa; one woman is a
primogenitor of mankind; sharp reduction of prepersons number
(it was up to several thousand on one data, it was up to several
hundreds on another’s ) was preceded before occurrence of the
reasonable person; the (already) reasonable person began the
next worldwide expansion about 50 thousand years ago. There are
several hypotheses about the reasons of occurrence of the
reasonable person, beginning from influence of radiation and
finishing influence from space. We shall bring our hypothesis to
the common list. Occurrence of the reasonable person was
accompanied by infringement of biosphere homeostasis principles
and of unity. Infringement of the first principle of "narrow
specialisation" has taken place, when the premankind became
omnivorous, premankind passed from consumption of vegetative
food to animal. Infringement of the second principle of
"adaptability and birth rate" has arisen at sharp growth of
premankind adaptability and not reduction, more likely, increase
of ability to high rate of birth. We shall describe the script
of development of events of that epoch. Some millions years back
our ancestors had a little difference from modern humanoid
monkeys. They ate basically vegetative food, occupying a narrow
niche; otherwise, they were one of parts in a chain of
ecosystem. They were complete essences. They lived in harmony
with themselves and with an external world though this harmony
was not realised by them. They were perfect, more precisely the
perfect part of the whole. To them, instead of to modern
mankind, Marks's definition "person is a public animal" is
approached, by virtue of an animal perfection. The mentality and
behaviour of the preperson too were as complete, fully
corresponding with ecological niche and a part in the ecosystem
with which he occupied. It would be well, if rudiments of the
preperson intelligence which we notice at humanoid monkeys have
not started to develop. Researches of monkeys have been carried
out at first half of the XX century by German scientist Wolfgang
Keller. Ability of humanoid monkeys to the solving of simple
tasks has been named "insight", that means inspiration. Insight
allows the humanoid monkey to solve a task instantly or never to
solve it. Besides, paying attention on the theory of oriented
activity and the oriented reflex, open by Russian scientist I.
Pavlov, we suppose that the mentality of animals adheres to the
following complex of actions. Being based on the main instincts
(reproduction and self-preservation), having the centres of
pleasure, displeasure and the centre "That such?" (an oriented
reflex), during a training, the mentality of the supreme animals
is formed through formation of the associative structures
necessary for all occasions. When the animal gets in a familiar
situation, the mentality finds necessary associative structure
and an animal starts to operate according to this structure,
achieving reception of pleasure or avoidance of displeasure. In
a unfamiliar situation there is a oriented reflex ("That such?")
which forces to create new associative structure from already
available, fastening of new structure occurs at achievement by
an animal of pleasure or at avoidance of displeasure. Therefore
animals can quickly change the behaviour at sharp change of
external conditions. As against them, insect’s life is
completely dictated by instincts. An insect at change of
external conditions will continue to carry out the started
earlier of actions programme even if it will result in senseless
result. Feature of the preperson is in creating of complex of
associative uniting structures with the associative detailed
structures. It promoted development of subject’s application and
instruments manufacturing, that in turn was the cause of
transition to animal food. Ability to detailed elaboration has
discharged the preperson from fauna and has given the
precondition to development of speech. The first associative
structure responsible for detailed elaboration has arisen when a
casually cracked stone found the useful application. In the
further evolutionary development the mentality of the preperson
was divided into two spheres. Associative generalising
structures were included in the first sphere. Associative
detailed structures were included in the second sphere. It
allowed with the help of instruments and joint actions of
prepeople with the minimal expenses of energy to direct the
whole herds of animals in an abyss or in a bog. It was a first
step to infringement of a homeostasis of an ecosystem,
infringement of the principle of "narrow specialisation".
Ability to hunt on large animals became the cause of a prepeople
breeding and moving on the big distances from places where
animals were destroyed to places where there were an abundance
of animals. For 200 thousand years before expansion of the
reasonable person there was a first prepeople expansion.
Anthropologists have found remnants of prepeople in Africa and
on Eurasian continents. Anthropologists gave them the
Neanderthal men name according to a place of the first finding.
Neanderthal men are a deadlocking lateral branch of mankind
development. That part of premankind which did not begin to
participate in expansion and has remained in Africa according to
geneticists researches is our direct primogenitor. This part of
prepeople has kept the pantophagous as against returning to
specialisation at hunting of Neanderthal men. The use of fire,
the creating of dwelling in caves, the manufacturing of clothes
from skins of animals became the second step for the homeostasis
of ecosystem infringement. Constant rather comfortable
conditions of existence of our primogenitors have reduced an
interval between mating seasons, actually having made the
continuously mating season. Similar process is presently
observed in domestic animals. If for Neanderthal men while they
were at expansion this increase of ability to reproduction was
not acting to any way, for our primogenitors and for an
ecosystem where they existed it has turned back great disaster.
Unreasonable prepeople number increase was accompanied by
destruction of all accessible sources of nutrition; expansion on
other terrains was handicapped by Neanderthal men who have
already occupied all terrains. The tendency to the expansion,
warmed up by intrinsic tendency to a breeding, absence of the
united-limiting principle similar to principles of an ecosystem
homeostasis, and impossibility to be expansion has broken off a
generality of. One way remained to our ancestors. Way was to eat
similar prepeople, further it became norm, that has resulted in
sharp reduction of prepeople number. All this meat grinder and
unnatural selection developed ingenuity of prepersons; they have
learnt to distinguish himself from others (for the first time
appears an associative structure of self-identification). It was
a process having given a push to development of individual and
having sped up unnatural selection in struggle of all against
all. It lasted until one family has realised himself (under
pressure of a self-preservative instinct) as the united force
capable to resist against existing chaos. This was fixed by
genetical and physiological change. A potent associative
generality structure arose in mentality and on its basis the
system of behaviour rules and interdiction are assumed, first of
all interdiction on murder of a family member. The further
killing (continuation of unnatural selection process) has been
directed to interdiction infringers (owners of high aspiration
to a breeding and gluttonies) already from the part of a
community. Interdiction braked and pushed down the aspiration to
expansion into the unconscious. Associative structure linked
with behaviour in a community and in a society was formed in
"Super ego" (described by Z. Freud as the mental structure not
realised by the person arising under influence of social rules
and educational interdictions, shown in consciousness as
conscience). The aspiration to the interdiction breaking (i.e. a
part of structures inherent for an animal including a
reproductive instinct and all associative structures linked to
expansion) was pushed down under influence "Super ego" into the
unconscious. "Unconscious" has been formed by the pushing
(discovered by Z. Freud and named as "It"). On border between
"Super ego" and "Unconscious" appeared "Me-consciousness" on the
basis of associative frame of the self-identification generated
during an epoch of struggle of all against all. So was born a
reasonable person. Evolution has destroyed wholeness of animal
mentality in the reasonable person. Animals do not have "Ego",
"Super ego" (conscience or moral) and complexes that pushed out
into "Unconscious". Evolution has allocated these three
structures and has fixed their physiological and genetic
changes. Now evolution of mentality of the person occurs due to
development of these structures and mutual relation between
structures without genetic changes. The description of mental
processes of the person, his installations
(introversion-extroversion) and preferable functions are well
submitted in K. G. Jung's works. Feature of a person world
perception consists in following. The person simultaneously
perceives general picture of world around a through associative
structures of the right hemisphere (the sensing function of
Jung) and distinguishes details through associative structures
of the left hemisphere (the cogitating function by Jung). A
person only details during his conscious process or builds logic
chain which does not accept the contradiction (the cogitating
function). "Unconscious" comes to the aid for overcoming
contradictions. The inspiration (insight) or the intuition forms
new associative structure in "Unconscious" and gives out a full
done picture into the consciousness, removing contradictions.
For example we can see Newton's inspiration at discovering laws
of Heavenly mechanics or we can see Mendeleyev's sleep which has
opened the Periodic table of chemical elements. The intuition of
the person is advanced insight of the supreme animals (the
intuitive function of Jung). Frequently the person perceives the
situation entirely and determines the attitude to a situation by
a principle" it is pleasant - it is not pleasant". That is
comparison (not realised) of a situation with structures "Super
ego" (the feel function of Jung). Evolution has put (with the
help of division of mentality on "Super ego", "Unconscious" and
"Me") the contradiction not only inside the person, but also the
contradiction between people due to different main mental
function in the individual. Actually, because of it we speak
with each other in different languages, but about it in the
following chapter. So the person is an inconsistent essence. Its
self-identification is limited to consciousness and frame of the
body. And the large part of mental processes is not realised,
this is processes in "Super ego" and "Unconscious" structures.
We perceive phenomenon of "Unconscious" that achieve
consciousness more often sharply negatively. Why it occurs? The
alive matter law was embodied into "Super ego" of the person
(the aspiration to chaos at the bottom level unites system at
the top level). The law of a lifeless matter was embodied in
"Unconscious" (the aspiration to association at the bottom level
gives rise the variety of the top level). The consciousness
reflects but not understands this contradiction and remains as a
wanderer between heaven and earth.